|
HMS ''Sheffield'' was the second Royal Navy ship to be named after the city of Sheffield in Yorkshire. She was a Type 42 Guided Missile Destroyer laid down by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering at Barrow-in-Furness on 15 January 1970. She was launched by Queen Elizabeth II on 10 June 1971〔(A Rip in Time for Sheffield ) Navy News, April 2007〕 and commissioned on 16 February 1975. An explosion during construction killed two dockyard workers〔(Commons debate - 4 May 1971 )〕 and damaged a section of hull which was replaced with a section from an identical ship, , being built for the Argentine Navy.〔(A Rip in Time for Sheffield ) Navy News, April 2007〕 The ship was part of the task force sent to the Falkland Islands during the Falklands War. She was struck by an Exocet air-launched anti-ship missile from a Super Etendard aircraft belonging to the Argentine Navy on 4 May 1982 and foundered on 10 May 1982. == Sinking== ''Sheffield'' was first detected by an Argentine Naval Aviation patrol aircraft Lockheed SP-2H Neptune (2-P-112) at 7:50 AM on 4 May 1982. The Neptune kept the British ships under surveillance, verifying ''Sheffield''s position again at 8:14 and 8:43. Two Argentine Navy Super Étendards (3-A-202 and 3-A-203) both armed with Exocets took off from Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego at 9:45 and met with an Argentine Air Force tanker KC-130H Hercules at 10:00 hours. At 10:35, the Neptune climbed to and detected a large and two medium-sized contacts at the coordinates 52°33′55″S, 57°40′55″W (map ). A few minutes later, the Neptune contacted both Super Étendards with this information. Flying at very low altitude, around 10:50, both Super Étendards climbed to to verify these contacts, but, not finding any, decided to continue. later they climbed again and, after a few seconds of scanning, the targets appeared on their radar screens.〔(Argentine Account of the role of the Exocet during the War )〕〔(Argentine Air Force 4 May mission )〕 Both pilots loaded the coordinates in their weapons systems, returned to low level, and after last minute checks, launched their AM39 Exocets at 11:04 from away from their targets. The Super Étendards did not need to refuel from the KC-130 again, which had been waiting, and landed at Rio Grande at 12:04. Supporting the mission were an Argentine Air Force Learjet 35 as a decoy and two IAI Daggers as the KC-130 escorts〔〔 At approximately 10 a.m. on 4 May, ''Sheffield'' was at defence watches, second degree readiness, as part of the British Task Force dispatched to the Falkland Islands during the Falklands War. ''Sheffield'' had relieved her sister as the latter was having technical trouble with her Type 965 radar.〔''The Battle for the Falklands'', Max Hastings & Simon Jenkins, Pan Grand Strategy, 1983〕 ''Sheffield'' and ''Coventry'' were chatting over UHF. Communications ceased until an unidentified message was heard flatly stating "Sheffield is hit".〔 The flagship, dispatched the escorts and to investigate, and a helicopter was launched. Confusion reigned until ''Sheffield''s Lynx helicopter unexpectedly landed aboard ''Hermes'' carrying the air operations officer and operations officer,〔 confirming the strike. ''Sheffield'' picked up the incoming missiles on her Type 965 radar (an interim fitting until the Type 1022 set was available), and the operations officer informed the missile director, who queried the contacts in the ADAWS 4 fire control system.〔 The launch aircraft had not been detected as the British had expected, and it was not until smoke was sighted that the target was confirmed as sea skimming missiles. Five seconds later, an Exocet hit ''Sheffield'' amidships, approximately above the waterline on deck 2, tearing a gash in the hull.〔 The other missile splashed into the sea half a mile off her port beam.〔(Narrative of the attack ), page 6〕 Damage caused by the missile impact severed the high-pressure fire main on board. The resultant fire caused by burning propellant ignited diesel oil from the ready-use tanks in the engine room, and other inflammable materials used in the ship's construction. These fires burned unchecked for a number of days after the ship was abandoned. The Exocets were fired from two Super Étendards launched from Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego, Naval Air Base. The aircraft were piloted by ''Teniente'' (Lieutenant) Armando Mayora and ''Capitán de Fragata'' (Lt Commander) Augusto Bedacarratz, who commanded the mission.〔(Argentine Aircraft in the Falklands )〕 Such was the lack of warning, there was no time to engage in defensive manoeuvres, leading to a change in British policy whereby any Royal Navy vessel that suspected it might be under missile attack would turn toward the threat, accelerate to maximum speed and fire chaff to prevent a ship being caught defenceless again. The codeword used to start this procedure was "handbrake", which had to be broadcast once the signal of the Agave radar of the Super Étendard was picked up.〔Woodward, Sandy & Robinson, Patrick (1992). ''One hundred days: the memoirs of the Falklands battle group commander''. Naval Institute Press, p. 11. ISBN 1-55750-651-5〕 The MOD Board of Inquiry on the sinking of the ''Sheffield'' concluded that: "Evidence indicates that the warhead did not detonate".〔(Official MOD report into the sinking )〕 Some of the crew and members of the Task Force believe that the missile's 165 kilogram warhead had detonated, upon impact.〔 This was supported by a MOD re-assessment of the loss of the 'Sheffield' which reported in Summer 2015. In a paper delivered to the RINA Warship Conference in Bath in June 2015 it was concluded that the Exocet warhead did detonate inside 'Sheffield', with the conclusion supported by analysis using modern damage analysis tools not available in 1982 and evidence from weapon hits and trials conducted since the end of the Falklands Campaign.〔"The Loss of HMS Sheffield - A re-analysis" RINA Warship Conference, Bath, June 2015〕 Irrespective of this, the impact of the missile and the burning rocket motor set ''Sheffield'' ablaze. Some accounts suggest that the initial impact of the missile immediately crippled the ship's onboard electricity generating systems, but this only affected certain parts of the ship, which caused ventilation problems. The missile strike fractured the water main, preventing the anti-fire mechanisms from operating effectively, and thereby dooming the ship to be consumed by the raging fire. After the ship was struck and as her crew were waiting to be rescued, Sub Lieutenant Carrington-Wood led the crew in singing "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" from ''Monty Python’s Life of Brian''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Icons of England, "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" )〕 Over the six days from 4 May 1982, five inspections were made to see if any equipment was worth salvaging. Orders were issued to shore up the hole in ''Sheffield's'' starboard side and tow the ship to South Georgia.〔 However, before these orders were effected the burnt-out hulk had already been taken in tow by the ''Yarmouth''. The high seas that the ship was towed through caused slow flooding through the hole in the ship's side. This was the cause which eventually took her to the bottom. The ship sank at 53°04′S, 56°56′W on 10 May 1982, the first Royal Navy vessel sunk in action since World War II.〔 Twenty of her crew (mainly on duty in the galley area and in the computer room) died as a result of the attack. The wreck is a war grave and designated as a ''protected place''〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work=Office of Public Sector Information, 1 April 2008 )〕 under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986. The sinking of ''Sheffield'' is sometimes blamed on a superstructure made wholly or partially from aluminium, the melting point and ignition temperature of which are significantly lower than those of steel. However, this is incorrect as ''Sheffield''s superstructure was made entirely of steel. The confusion is related to the US and British Navies abandoning aluminium after several fires in the 1970s involving ships that had aluminium superstructures. The sinking of the Type 21 frigates and , both of which had aluminium superstructures, probably also had an effect on this belief though these cases are again incorrect and the presence of aluminium had nothing to do with their loss. The fires on ''Sheffield'' and other ships damaged by fire caused a later shift by the Royal Navy from the nylon and synthetic fabrics then worn by British sailors. The synthetics had a tendency to melt on to the skin causing more severe burns than if the crew had been wearing non-synthetic clothing. The official report into the sinking of the ''Sheffield'', disclosed in 2006 under UK Freedom of Information laws after an extensive campaign by ex-RN personnel,〔 severely criticised the ship's fire-fighting equipment, training and procedures and certain members of the crew. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「HMS Sheffield (D80)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|